These field notes describe a situation where the members of an ensemble have conflicting views on the rhythmic orientation of the material, including the time signature and the beginning of the time cycle. One argument presented is that these conflicts can be productive for producing rhythmic tension and dynamism. The example discussed is a rhythmic figure that the composer has made to intentionally create two opposing and equally valid interpretations of the rhythmic flow within the band. The video examples show this groove evolving over time, and demonstrate a form of ensemble playing where there is no absolute tempo or time signature, but the group is still synchronized, executing detailed contrapuntal information, and functioning creatively.

Classical meter theory, derived from European, notation-based musical practice, requires notionally absolute isochrony. This article proposes a more flexible concept of rhythmic frequencies (or periodicities) represented by continuous functions over time, and develops rhythmic theory from it that is more global in scope. A rhythm is a good fit to a given frequency if its onsets are close to peaks of one of these functions, without having to precisely coincide. This provides some useful tools for understanding properties of rhythms and how different rhythms interact.