Hardcore punk is a musical culture created by a minority of American youth at the turn of the 1980s. Like its predecessor, 1970s punk rock, it was driven by a diy (Do-it-yourself) attitude, as were its various musical practices such as composition, recording, production, concerts and their promotion, as well as the publication of fanzines and the fabrication of clothing and accessories. Thus, although diy was not exclusive to punk, nor was punk the first to adopt it, by the late 1970s, especially in England, DIY had become integral to a broad range of its music production and distribution activities, in contrast to dominant conventions in the music industry. In the United States, it was not until the advent of a more extreme form of punk culture, marked by the term “hardcore,” that diy became a core ethical principle. The hardcore punk scene then became the foundation of the American indie (“underground”) music scene that flourished throughout the 1980s before entering the mainstream with the rise of grunge and alternative rock in the early 1990s.